ABSTRACT
Background: Bisphoenol A [BPA] is a xenobiotic estrogenic compound and can also cause oxidative stress in testis tissue
Objective: This study was preformed to investigate the effect ginger extract against toxicity induced with BPA in mice testis tissue
Methods: Forty adult male mice [NMRI] were divided into 4 equal groups such as: control, bisphoenol A [240 mg/kg/day], ginger extract [500mg/kg/day] and bisphoenol A+ ginger extract. The mouse were treated orally for 34 days. Finally, the rats were weighted and right testis was removed, fixed, sectioned and stained according to Heiden Hain Azan methods. Subsequently the testicular tissue different parameters were studied using stereological methods. Serum malondialdehyde [MDA] and testosterone levels were also determined. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and means difference was considered significant when P<0.05
Results: The testis weight, total volume of testis, volume of seminiferous tubules and its diameter and height of the germinal epithelium, total number spermatids, spermatocytes, sertoli cells and spermatogenesis indexs significantly decreased in bisphoenol A group compared to the control group [P<0.04]. A significant increase in MDA and significant decrease in the serum testosterone levels was found in bisphoenol A group compared with control group [P<0.001]. Above parameters were partially compensated in BPA+GE group compared with BPA group
Conclusion: Ginger extract seems to have a protective role in bisphenol A induced toxicity in testis tissues. so ginger may be useful in improving the adverse effects of bisphenol A on male reproductive system
ABSTRACT
Background and aim: Some investigators believe that the amount of REM sleep is increased after learning of some tasks, and learning processing and memory consolidation occur during some of these periods. These specific periods are called Paradoxical Sleep Windows [PSW]. The neurochemical nature of PSW and its active neurotransmitter are unknown
Methods: NMRI rats were trained in a two-way shuttle avoidance task [100 trials per one session] and memory retention was tested one week later. Those animals that reached to 70% learning criterion were divided into 8 groups. In drug section, the animals of each group were administrated saline, caffeine [25mg/kg], adenosine [7mg/kg], adenosine [50mg/kg], physostigmine [0.1mg/kg] or Scopolamine [5mg/kg i.p.], after learning. In drug-deprivation section, the first group was deprived from REM sleep for 1-4hr after learning with platform technique. Animals in second group were administrated caffeine [25mg/kg] in addition to REM sleep deprivation for 1-4 hr after learning
Results: Injection of caffeine caused a significant increase in memory [P<0.05]. Deprived animals showed a significant memory deficit [P<0.05] and caffeine attenuated memory impairment which was induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation. Other drugs had no significant effect on memory
Conclusion: Caffeine can enhance memory and attenuate paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Effects of caffeine on memory involve systems other than cholinergic and adenosine systems. Memory processing which occurs in PSW can not be attributed to one neurotransmitter system